Science in the Russian Empire produced major breakthroughs in chemistry, physics, mathematics, medicine, biology, astronomy, and engineering. Famous Russian scientists of the Imperial period included Dmitri Mendeleev, Ivan Pavlov, Nikolai Lobachevsky, Pafnuty Chebyshev, Sofia Kovalevskaya, Alexander Popov, Ivan Sechenov, Alexander Butlerov, Ilya Mechnikov, and Vladimir Vernadsky. Their work contributed to the periodic table, chemical structure, non-Euclidean geometry, mathematical analysis, physiology, neuroscience, microbiology, immunology, radio technology, and the study of the biosphere. Russian science also advanced through the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Moscow University, St. Petersburg University, and other scientific institutions. Imperial Russian explorers and researchers investigated Siberia, Central Asia, the Arctic, geology, zoology, and natural resources. The period also saw important developments in electrical engineering, telegraphy, aviation, medicine, and industrial technology. The history of Russian science includes influential discoveries, inventions, scientific theories, mathematical breakthroughs, and researchers whose work became important to modern science worldwide.
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Ivan Pavlov Biographical
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1904/pavlov/biographicalSofia Kovalevskaya - Mathematics opens up a new, wonderful world
https://www.mpg.de/female-pioneers-of-science/sofia-kovalevskaya